The Debate Over the Clearcutting Method

Clear-cutting is a method of harvesting and regenerating trees in which all trees are cleared from a site and a new, even-age stand of timber is grown. Clear-cutting is only one of several methods of timber management and harvest in both private and public forests. However, this method has always been controversial, even more so since the environmental awareness that began in the mid-1960s. Many conservation and citizen groups object to clear-cutting any forest, citing soil and water degradation, unsightly landscapes, and other damages. The wood products industry and mainstream forestry professionals defend clear-cutting as an efficient, successful silvicultural, or forestry, system but only under certain conditions where non-timber assets are not degraded. The choice of clear-cutting by forest owners is greatly dependent upon their objectives. If that objective is maximum timber production, clear-cutting can be financially efficient with lower costs for timber harvesting than other tree harvesting systems. Clear-cutting has also proved successful for regenerating stands of certain tree species without damaging the ecosystem. Current Status The Society of American Foresters, which represents mainstream forestry, promotes clear-cutting as a method of regenerating an even-aged stand in which a new age class develops in a fully exposed microclimate after removal, in a single cutting, of all trees in the previous stand. Theres a debate about the minimum area constituting a clear-cut, but typically, areas smaller than 5 acres would be considered patch cuts. Larger cleared forests more easily fall into the classic, forestry-defined clear-cut. Removing trees and forests to convert land to nonforest urban development or rural agriculture isnt considered clear-cutting. This is called land conversion, converting the use of land from forest to another type of enterprise. The Issues Clear-cutting is not a universally accepted practice. Opponents of the practice of cutting every tree within a specific area contend it degrades the environment. Forestry professionals and resource managers argue that the practice is sound if used properly. In a report written for a major private forest owner publication, three extension specialists—a forestry professor, an assistant dean of a major college of forestry, and a state forest health specialist—agree that clear-cutting is a necessary silvicultural practice. According to the article, a complete clear-cut usually creates the best conditions for regenerating stands under certain circumstances and should be used when those conditions occur. This is opposed to a commercial clear-cut where all trees of marketable species, size, and quality are cut. This process doesnt take into account any concerns addressed by forest ecosystem management. Aesthetics, water quality, and forest diversity  are the main sources of public objection to clear-cutting. Unfortunately,  an often disinterested public and casual viewers of forestry activities have overwhelmingly decided that clear-cutting is not an acceptable social practice simply by looking at the practice from their car windows. Negative terms such as deforestation, plantation forestry, environmental degradation, and excess and exploitation are closely associated with clear-cutting. Clear-cutting in national forests now can only be done if its used to further the improvement of ecological objectives to include wildlife habitat improvement or to preserve forest health, but not for economic gain. Pros Proponents of clear-cutting suggest that its a sound practice if the right conditions are met and correct harvest methods are used. Conditions for which clear-cutting can be used as a harvesting tool include: Regenerating tree species that need full sunlight to stimulate seed sprouting and seedling growth.Dealing with sparse, exposed, or shallow-rooted trees in danger of being damaged by  wind.Trying to produce an even-aged stand.Regenerating stands of tree species dependent on wind-blown seed, root suckers, or cones that need fire to drop seed.Salvaging over-mature stands and/or stands killed by insects, disease, or fire.Converting to another tree species by planting or seeding.Providing habitat for wildlife species that require an edge, new ground, and high-density, even-aged stands. Cons Opponents of clear-cutting suggest that its a destructive practice and should never be done. Here are their reasons, although not  every one of these can be supported by current scientific data: A clear-cut increases soil erosion, water degradation, and increased  silting  in creeks, rivers, and reservoirs.Old-growth forests, which have been systematically clear-cut, are healthy ecosystems that have evolved over centuries to be more resistant to insects and disease.Clear-cutting inhibits the sustainability of healthy, holistic forest ecosystems.Aesthetics and quality forest views are compromised by clear-cutting.Deforestation and the resulting removal of  trees  from clear-cutting  lead  to a plantation forestry mentality and results in environmental degradation.

Tennis Worlds E-Commerce Marketing Plan - 1249 Words

Tennis world Executive summary Tennis world is an e-commerce business company dealing with all sorts of tennis merchandise you can think of; this is ranging from tennis balls, tennis rackets, tennis wear, tennis video instructions and any other accessories you can think of that is associated with the sport. Tennis world aims to be a leader in the market for all the tennis merchandise not only in the U.S but to the rest of the world too. In recent times there have been instances of internet companies failing but we as Tennis world intend to venture, survive and grow in the e-commerce world. We have a mission to offer our tennis merchandize using the internet as our key marketing tool. We also intend to reach a wide range of customers the young and the old with no barrier whatsoever since the internet is accessible all over the world. We intend to make our sites the place where everyone loves to visit and want to find out more and more of what is on offer in our company (Mplans.com, 2012). Tennis w orld intends to create sites that everyone wants to visit and offer incredible prices and discounts that will leave our customers wanting to buy more. We intend to maintain our customers and strive to be not just the best but the best of them all in the industry. Market summary Our target market is a vast one that ranges from individuals who have minimum requirements to other large companies with more expensive and solid orders. To achieve this we intend to look at ourShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting A Company s Success1830 Words   |  8 Pagesservice to customers, stakeholders and the public. â€Å"Promotional strategy objectives vary among organizations. Some use promotion to expand their markets, and others use it to defend their current positions (Boone, L. E., Kurtz, D. L.).† Promotion is one of the key elements of the marketing mix, and compacts with any one or two way communication that occurs with the consumer. Once you’ve acknowledged your target market, you’ll have a good idea of the best way to grasp your customers, but most businessesRead MoreA Comparison of Strategies in Sports Marketing1976 Words   |  8 Pagesorganization is established, it has some mission and vision. This mission and vision define i ts operation and research. To fulfill the organization’s mission they have to develop top level plans and sustain long term competitive advantage that is Strategy. Following this definition, when an organization has mission, develop a plan and understand the â€Å"sustainable† competitive advantage - where competitor cannot easily duplicate the firm’s strategy. The most difficult challenges facing organizations isRead MoreMarketing Strategy3347 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"Quality Takes Time† MARKETING STRATEGY MKT 306 Tutor: Ms. Alison Watson Due: Monday, January 10th, 2011 Table of Content 1.0 Brief History of Wrist Watch Industry 2.0 Executive Summary 2.1 Rolex Competitors 2.2 Rolex Marketing Tools and Techniques 3.0 Introduction 4.0 Situational Analysis (SWOT) 4.1 Situational Analysis (PESTLE) 5.0 Differential Advantages / Competitive Edge (USP) 6.0 Segmentation Targeting and Positioning (STP) 6.1 RolexRead MoreMarketing audit of Nike3562 Words   |  15 PagesMARKETING AUDIT PROJECT ON: SUBMITTED BY: ANOOP KHURANA -2012081 SHASHANK MAKKAR -2012*** MANRAJ SINGH SANDHU-2012136 OJASWI SHARMA-2012154 SUSHANT SHARMA-2012156 INDEX SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS †¢ ECONOMIC †¢ CUSTOMER †¢ COMPETITION 3 MARKETING ASPECTS †¢ OBJECTIVES †¢ STRATEGIES †¢ TACTICS 6 4 4P’S Read MoreConsumer Behavior Towards Online Shopping18477 Words   |  74 PagesCONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS ONLINE SHOPPING (E-Shopping) Submitted To, L.J. Institute of Business Administration Vastrapur, Ahmedabad Project Guide, Prof. Saurin Shah Submitted by Name Roll No. 1. Siddharth Iyer 47 2. Raj Joisar 55 3. Keval Amreliya 05 4. Dhanraj Solanki 145 5. Akash Gupta 43 6. Simpy Harwani 45 7.Read MoreFour Seasons Marketing Plan6707 Words   |  27 PagesNotebook Four Seasons Marketing Plan Steve Callis Carlos-David Islas-Labastida Renee Werner April 25, 2006 Georgia State University Table of Contents Topic Part One: United Arab Emirates Country Notebook I. Introduction II. Geography III. Economic Environment IV. Cultural Environment V. Business Customs and Practices VI. Political Environment VII. Legal Environment VIII. Marketing Research IX. Other Statistics X. Competitive Environment Part Two: Four Seasons Marketing Plan I. Target Market IIRead MoreSbi Bank Po12965 Words   |  52 Pages3. How many meaningful English words can be made with the letters DLEI using each letter only once in each word? 1) None 2) One 3) Two 4) Three 5) More than three 4. Among A, B, C, D and E, each having different weight, D is heavier than only A and C is lighter than B and E. Who among them is the heaviest? 1)B 2)E 3)C 4) Data inadequate 5) None of these 5. Each odd digit in the number 5263187 is substituted by the next higher digit and each even digit is substituted by the previous lower digit andRead MorePrinciples of Marketing: Nike Inc9497 Words   |  38 Pagesmutinous a nd headstrong nature to think out of the box by means of innovation and inspiration (Katz 1994) Principles of Marketing Principles of Marketing TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 The Story So Far 3 MARKETING ORIENTATION 3 Types of Orientation 4 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 7 Porter’s five forces 7 Porter’s Generic Strategies 9 The MARKETING MIX 11 Product 11 The Ansoff Matrix 13 BCG Matrix 14 Product Life Cycle 16 Price 19 Nike’s pricing StrategiesRead MorePG Corparate10304 Words   |  42 Pages(Actual) 4 Mission Statement (Actual) 4 Mission Statement (Proposed) 4 Vision Statement (Proposed) 5 Slogan (Proposed) 5 The CPM Matrix of Pamp;G Company 6 External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix for Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) 9 The I/E matrix for Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) 14 Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix for Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) 16 A SWOT Matrix of Pamp;G Company 21 Strengths 23 Weaknesses 23 Opportunities 24 Threats 24 The FOUR strategies 25 TheRead MoreMarketing Management - Nike Case Study6867 Words   |  28 PagesMarketing Plan for NIKE MM 522 – Keller Gratudate School of Management Executive

April Morning Free Essays

April Morning Writing Assignment Adam Cooper and his father Moses do not have a good relationship. Moses expects a lot from Adam. Adam feels like his father hates him and does not approve of him. We will write a custom essay sample on April Morning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Adam’s mother asks him why he does not spend his free time reading the bible like his father did when he was younger. He is constantly getting nagged by his parents. Adam believes in superstition and his parents do not approve of it. If Moses were to try and understand Adam a little more and be easier on him I believe their relationship would be better. They both need to meet each other halfway. If they were to sit down nd talk about their disagreements their relationship would improve. Watching the scene where the British open Fire on the colonists on Lexington’s green affected me in certain ways. When we were blind folded and caught of guard when the fireworks were thrown it scared me greatly. I can only imagine what it must have been like to watch so many people die, especially friends and family. War is a scary thought and to experience it first hand must be even worse. Thinking about the pain of the people who’s loved ones died on that war is very sad to me . Also thinking about the pain the actual people in the war had to endure is upsetting. I believe the point that the author is trying to make at the end of the movie is that Adam is now a man who has to make his own decisions. I feel that it is a bittersweet feeling for Adam, because his father dies, but now he is the boss of himself. Adam’s family was very upset that his father died, but very thankful that Adam was alive. The war changed Adam and his family’s lives completely. Even though in the ending of the movie no one was talking, it was still obvious as to what was going on. Overall, this was a great movie and taught me a lot about war around that time period. How to cite April Morning, Papers

Macroeconomics Singapore Government Forecasts

Question: Describe about the Report for Macroeconomics of Singapore Government Forecasts. Answer: Summary of the Article: Singapore government forecasts the growth rate of economic performance of Singapore stays around 1 to 3 percent. However, there is a disagreement of economist regarding the proposed statistics of this economic performance. According to them, it is likely to be the lower than this. The growth rate of economic performance may be 1.5 to 2.5 percent. Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and Ministry of Trade and Industry publish an annual report on July 25th. Central Bank keeps a close look at the exit of Britten from the European Union, the issue of decreasing pace of Chinas economic growth and quick recovery of UKs economy. However, according to MAS, the economy of Singapore is losing its pace of growth in the first six months, likely to increase its pace in the following half of the year. Economists take into account the issue of Brexit and Chinas low-pace economic performance (Room 2016); suggest the economic growth rate is around 1.5 percent to 2.5 percent. The economist of OCBC Ba nk suggests almost the same figure. MAS and economist of DBS even fear of fall of the growth rate even lower by this time. According to MAS, trade cluster is likely showing some improvement. There is improvement in certain sectors or industry like electronics, sea- transport and the wholesale. Manufacturing sector shows an improvement from 0.5 percent to 0.8 percent in the second quarter than the first quarter of the year. Construction and service sectors do not show that much of improvement. However, there is a requirement of improvement in these sectors. According to Ravi Menon, the managing director of MAS, if there is no such improvement; the growth rate may be lower than the previous year. This is a real concern of the government of Singapore (Leong, Ashokkumar and Kentish 2016). MAS recommend the policy for appreciation of zero in foreign exchange. Central Bank realizes a need of change in the existing monetary policies. MAS expectation is that gradually increasing inflation rate can cause to change in the decision of the Central Bank regarding the monetary policy. However, Central Bank clearly shows its intentions for an unchanged monetary policy. There is an interest of MAS to ensure the financial integrity of the Singapore economy. Central Bank takes some steps for the financial institution to manage the flows related to 1MDB. The statement of the Central Bank is far more comprehensible to the public than the usual one. There is a clear disappointment of MAS regarding a declining reputation of Singapore economy as a trustable center of finance. To decrease the activities of money laundering, MAS suggests active and strong regulatory framework, a corporation from the close boarder, strong supervision on a financial institution and proper enforcement of law s. Enforcement of proper rules and regulations can prevent various fraudulence and illegal activities of Singapore (Quah 2016). Economic Definition used in this analysis: Economic Growth: In case of Singapore, economist hopes that the growth of the economy or the economic performance of the Singapore economy is 1.5% to 2%. This figure of the rate of growth of the Singaporean economy is not convincing. To sustain its past brilliant performance of the economy, the policy makers should look forward, approve and implement the required changes to the existing policies, according to the needs of the economy (Harvie and Van 2016). Inflation: The expectation of MAS regarding the future or the inflation rate of 2016 is in between -0.1% to 0%. Monetary policy: The monetary authority of Singapore (MAS), manages all the monetary policies of Singapore. Central Bank of Singapore plays a crucial role in determining the various policies in the field of various monetary factors like rate of interest, rate of foreign exchange, inflation, and price stability. Volatility in the price can cause serious problem to the economy. Therefore, there should be price stability. Money laundering: The Central Bank of Singapore sets up a new body to prevent the act of money laundering. The rising case of money laundering is the main reason of deterioration in the trust on the Singaporean economy in any related financial flows (Jansen 2016). Economic Analysis: According to MAS, the expected growth rate of Singapore is not very impressive in 2016. The joint study of MAS and Ministry of trade and industry of Singapore publishes a report on the expected rate of growth of the economy. This report suggests that the future rate of growth of the economy stays between 1.5 to 2.5 percent. There may be several reasons behind this lower growth rate. The influential effects are the sudden exit of Britten from the European Union, the economic recovery of UK and slow growth rate of China. Adding to this context, there are some hopes arise for the performance of manufacturing, sea transport and the wholesale industry. However, the performances of the service sectors and construction sectors are not so impressive (www.mas.gov.sg. 2016). In recent day, to sustain a development of the emerging economy like Singapore, there is a requirement of sustained increase in a tertiary sector like transport and service sectors along with a healthy increase in primary and secondary sectors. However, the trends and performance of the economy of Singapore in the tertiary sector are not that remarkable. Along with this problem, the Central Bank does not make them ready to change their monetary policies. Its market policies are inconsistent with the ongoing economic situation in Singapore. Inflation rate gradually starts increasing. There are also various problems of money laundering and financial-flows related 1MDB. In the following diagram, there is a graph of the growth rate of GDP of Singapore (Room 2016). In figure 4, the horizontal axis measures the time and vertical axis measures the growth rate of GDP of Singapore. The following graph shows the rate of GDP of Singapore from 2011 to 2016. The measurement of the rate of GDP is on a quarter scales. The blue bars are showing the division of GDP from quarter-to- quarter scale. The red line indicates the variation of the rate of GDP from year to year scale. The year-to-year scale shows a sharp decline in the rate of GDP in the period of 2011, and then it is fluctuating. It stats increasing at mid-quarter of 2013 till the last quarter. Then again, it starts decreasing and after then showing a fluctuation and remains lower till the end of first quarter of 2016 (Schmoke et al. 2016). Quote from the given article, the central bank also said on Monday unless there was a marked deterioration in the global economy, or a significant shift in the inflation outlook, there is no need to change its current monetary policy stance----- this means that the central bank does not ready to change its monetary policies. The central bank changes its monetary policies if the inflation rate is significantly high or any urgent requirement arises. Figure 1, shows the demand for money and figure 2, represents the supply of money. In figure 3, first curve shows the short run equilibrium and the second graph shows the long run equilibrium of the money market. In short run aggregate supply curve is upward sloping and aggregate demand curve is downward sloping. As the demand increases relative to supply, price level rises. In long run, aggregate supply is fixed. Therefore, increase in money supply raises the aggregate demand and raises the level of price. The demand for money has a negati ve relation with rate of interest and fixed money supply for a given time. The equilibrium in money supply and demand decides the rate of interest. As there is no hike in inflation, there is no change in the monetary policy by the central bank. Figure 1: demand for money (Source: created by author) Figure 2: supply of money (Source: created by author) Figure 3: demand and supply of money in SR and LR (Source: created by author) Figure 1:The growth rate of GDP (Source: created by author) Economic implication: From the above discussion, it is clear that Singapore economy faces a serious problem. Singapore government needs to keep a close look on the issue related to prevention of money laundering activities. The government should maintain the earned- reputation of Singapore in related financial matters and rescue back its position in the global market. The government should enhance and maintain the internal and external financial integrity. The growth of tertiary sectors is very important for any economy. Singapore shows an improved performance in the manufacturing means secondary sectors. However, there is a requirement of improvement of all the sectors in a balanced way. Therefore, there is need of a strong regulatory framework, strong supervision on the financial institution, proper enforcement laws (He 2016). Conclusion: The economy of Singapore is an emerging economics. It shows a very impressive growth rate in the past. All the sectors show remarkable improvement in this regard in the past. However, due to some reasons the economy of Singapore faces some troubles in no time. There is a strong influence of certain external economic changes on the Singaporean economy. Keeping an eye on these external issues, there is a requirement of serious concern of Singapore government and Central Bank. There is a requirement of giving strong emphasis on the recommended policies of efficient policy makers and to the expert economist. Central Bank should modify its current monetary policies. Various events of money laundering and other illegal activities cause deterioration in the financial reliability of the Singapore in the global market. Therefore, to earn the reputation of the economy all over again, there is a need for coordination of all the sectors of the economy. The proposed recommendations and evaluation s of 2016 annual report of MAS are very important. Therefore, there is a need for strong concern and effective implementation of various policies to recover from the present positions. Reference: Harvie, C. and Van Hoa, T., 2016.The causes and impact of the Asian financial crisis. Springer. He, D., 2016. The Hidden Dangers and Risks to Chinas Currency Security. InFinancial Security in China(pp. 19-31). Springer Singapore. Jansen, K., 2016.External finance in Thailands development: An interpretation of Thailands growth boom. Springer. Leong, T., Ashokkumar, M. and Kentish, S., 2016. The Growth of Bubbles in an Acoustic Field by Rectified Diffusion.Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry, pp.69-98. Quah, J.S., 2016. Development: The Singapore Case.Asian Development and Public Policy, p.1. Room, R. (2016). Macroeconomic Review Apr 2016. Mas.gov.sg. Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg/News-and-Publications/MAS-Announcements/2016/Macroeconomic-Review-Apr-2016.aspx [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016]. Room, R. (2016). The Singapore Economy. [online] Sgs.gov.sg. Available at: https://www.sgs.gov.sg/The-SGS-Market/The-Singapore-Economy.aspx [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016]. Room, R. 2016. Monetary Policy Macroeconomic Review.Mas.gov.sg. Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg/monetary-policy-and-economics/monetary-policy/macroeconomic-review.aspx [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016]. Room, R. 2016. The Singapore Economy Recent Economic Developments in Singapore. Mas.gov.sg. Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg/monetary-policy-and-economics/the-singapore-economy/recent-economic-developments-in-singapore.aspx [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016]. Schmoker, C., Russo, F., Drillet, G., Trottet, A., Mahjoub, M.S., Hsiao, S.H., Larsen, O., Tun, K. and Calbet, A., 2016. Effects of eutrophication on the planktonic food web dynamics of marine coastal ecosystems: The case study of two tropical inlets.Marine Environmental Research,119, pp.176-188. www.mas.gov.sg. 2016. www.mas.gov.sg. Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg/~/media/resource/publications/macro_review/2016/MR_April2016.pdf [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016].