Artist Reading Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Artist Reading Summary - Essay Example Born of an Irish mother and a full-blood Indian crow native father, she tries to depict, through her artwork, the combinations of those two different yet very important aspects of her cultural life. Before the passage of the two Acts, Western intrusion on perspective, history and ways of Amerindian were depicted wrongly. Many of them, through artistic approach, inaccurately drew the native culture and history as was knowledgeable to them. Linda explains how tradition methods of collecting and producing native art practices by Westerners altered the outlook. Linda Smith says the manner in which the colonialist perceived and presented knowledge about natives and their aspects of life is misleading (Smith 1). Janet Berlo observes in Early years of Native America History states that the history of Indian American art history in terms of shifting truths, falsehood, appropriations, scholarly formulations and historical moments-of different conjunctures of different historical moments (Berlo 13). In her artwork, Star shows the paradigms of Indian culture through the eyes of an original Amerindian. She displays the different outlook of her culture and how it has merged with modern society, something that previous artwork did not show. While elaborating the dynamics that shifted and led to native artist trying to be the originators of Indian works, Caro shows how Luna and Durham have tried to contribute to the understanding of the truth. Luna and Durham explain their cultures and correct collective knowledge presented of Amerindian history through art. Wendy Star tries to explain her culture when she depicts herself as a traditional crow woman. Her self-depiction may be seen clearly in the Indian attire she adorns. She represents the history of her culture by the human skeletons, adorning Indian traditional headdress at the table with her. Together, they illustrate the truthfulness of her culture as an Indian. Caro, in

UWB Ad-Hoc Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

UWB Ad-Hoc Networks - Essay Example gnal has a bandwidth that exceeds the lesser of 500 MHz or 20% of the center frequency, there is an authorized unlicensed use of the frequency range starting from 3.1 GHz and up to 10.6GHz, also the emission limit is -41.3 dBm/MHz. This technology uses the Impulse Ratio (IR) method for its transmission; the rate is different for radar and imaging purposes to the communication purposes. The rate of impulses for radar and imaging is in the range of 1 to 100 mega pulses per second. The communication rate can be in a range of 1 to 2 giga pulses per second. This diagram shows how much faster Ultra Wide Band technology is over any existing current technologies also it provides a high level of mobility which is important for a mobile devices it is intended for. The advantage of UWB over traditional radio transmissions is that traditional way would be to modulate the frequency and phase of the signal as well as power, of a sinusoidal wave. However UWB transmits impulse at a specific time, there fore it allows pulse position modulation and time modulation. Among the advantages of UWB that helps to prevent multi path propagation. It gives the possibility of the system to establish the time for an impulse to travel from the transmitter to the receiver in the direct path. The other advantage of UWB IR system is the short length of pulses does not allow them to overlap so the multipath fading is not an issue in this case. On the other hand in a system with high pulse rate there can be inter-path interference, it can be eliminated by error correction coding at the receiver. UWB can be combined with multiple antenna technology that doesn’t only allow increase in transmission speed but increases the reliability of the channel, there are a number of solutions that can increase the transmission speed over the regular SISO (single-input single-output); Technologies like multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) allows reaching gigabits per second range of transmission speed.

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Analysis - Case Study Example The problem occurred because of a combination of issues, which range from managerial to personal experiences. First, the team leader failed to understand that his team had differing abilities and that he had more experience than the rest. His misunderstanding resulted in him setting almost unrealistic goals. He wanted the team to attain their objective at a pace that was not comfortable for all the members. He considerably had more experience because he had worked in the field longer than the rest of the members. During their working period, there are instances of lack of cohesion in the team, which resulted in one of the team members feeling less motivated to remain a member of the team. At the project completion, some of the members quit the company and signified their demotivation to work. The type of conflict was a relation conflict because it involved Parker holding prejudiced opinion of Millar. An analysis of the case reveals that Parker combined a number of leadership theories. His appointment to the leadership role was on a basis of competence, and not leadership qualities. The company, as a result, used the competence model during his selection to project the manager position (McShane & Steen 1995). He only failed to fulfill one out of the eight leadership competencies, which is emotional intelligence. Despite his cognitive and practical intelligence, knowledge of the duty, leadership motivation, integrity, and the rest, he failed to motivate Millar. Parker found himself yelling at Millar for upon realizing that he was slowing down the group. Parker proved a limitation of the competency model that leadership is within the person and not their relations with others. Parker failed to focus on the people-oriented behaviors by, not showing concern for the welfare of the employees. He only focused on the task-oriented behaviors by expecting the workers to

Water and the Arab- Israeli Peace Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Water and the Arab- Israeli Peace Process - Essay Example After the war, a larger section of water resources was taken by Israel (Asser 1). The complete control of water resources has led to conflict. Israel has dominated 80 percents of the mountain aquifer leaving only 20 percent to the Palestinians (Asser 1). This leaves little water resources to the Palestinians. Moreover, the Palestinians complain of limited access to their water resources (Asser 1). They cite the Israel military as the one preventing them from using their own water resources. There has also been allocation of more water to Israel nationals as compared to Palestinians. This has been evident in West Bank. The issue of water has also led to increased tension in the area. The tension has been due to the effect on Palestinian agriculture. The little available water has negatively affected the Palestinian agricultural economy (Asser 1). The Palestinian are also subjected to water rationing as the reserves gets dry (Asser 1). Proper water management has been cited as necessary for peace in the region. In the 90s, water was viewed as being tricky point of discussion in Arab-Israel peacemaking (Asser 1). The continued settlement of Israel in sensitive water areas, in West Bank, has also been seen as a threat to peace and stability in the region. Additionally, some of the stalled negotiations on the peace process between Israel and other Arab countries have been based on water related issues (Asser

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example for Free

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay The short story, The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson is one pf the most shocking stories I have ever read. It caused controversy when it was published in a New York newspaper and for good reason. The ending is very unsettling and I would even categorize it as a horror story. The picture the story paints prepares you for the exact opposite of what actually happens, making this a confusing, yet unforgettable story. It is hard to figure out what the message is in this story. Starting from the beginning there are many things one must notice upon a second reading. Subtle symbolism is used in a genius manner so that only on a second reading can the reader understand what the author is doing in every paragraph she writes. Throughout the story we are never sure about what exactly this lottery is, which keeps the reader in suspense. The story begins with a cheerful mood. It is summertime in a small town of 300 people. Every character comes off as friendly and full of positive energy. Jackson sets the scene for a beautiful day by describing growing flowers and beautiful grass. The reader is reeled into a peaceful mood and becomes comfortable in knowing this is peaceful story. The only confusion in the beginning is when the children are gathering stones and making piles of them. The reader may indicate the children will be throwing the stones, yet in a childlike playful manner and no violent premonitions can be made due to the peaceful setting counteracting and overpowering any violent thoughts. The interaction between characters is 100% friendliness. The story informs us that everybody in town is gathering at the town square, which is located between a post office and a bank. At first this means nothing extraordinary until you realize that no other buildings are mentioned. No courts or police stations, which are usually found in a towns square, are mentioned. No mentions of authority whatsoever except for Mr. Summers, who runs the yearly lottery. It is also interesting how we are informed that he runs a Halloween program, which is known for trickery, yet no other holidays are mentioned. The mood of the story seems to take a turn when we learn about the villagers reaction to the black box that holds the lottery slips. They seem to be  nervous around the box. Once the winner was found, we notice his reaction is not a good one. Then we read on to find that the villagers will throw stones at the winner until they kill him. This is done so casually that it creates an eerie feeling as we read how the villagers surround the victim and prepare to kill him. The story ends there. The Lottery is definitely an interesting tale by Shirley Jackson. But what is she implying by this story? Surely she didnt write this ending because she felt it was cool. There is a not so obvious message we must analyze. My conclusion leads me to believe that this is a story about tradition. The villagers follow tradition without even knowing why the tradition exists. In the story, Old Man Warner states, Theres always been a lottery he said petulantly. In this statement, the reader sees the most ignorant of all excuses for doing anything. This, however, seems normal for the community. The reader then discovers That much of the ritual had been forgotten or discarded, Mr. Summers had been successful in having slips of paper substituted for the chips of wood that had been used for generations.' While reading, the reader starts to understand the lottery tradition from which many rules and regulations disappeared for convenience reasons. This leads the reader to believe that the villagers do not truly understand the origins of the lottery. Mrs. Jackson states The people had done the lottery so many times that they only half listed to the directions?' In this passage, the reader learns through the nonchalant ness of the villagers actions that an important event does not gander much attention. They kill the victim simply because its tradition. To put it simply, the author is trying to say that you shouldnt do things simply because others have done them. There may be a better way of doing things. I think she is implying that traditions found across the globe may be foolish at times and people should think logically and not do things simply because they were born doing it, like the baby who is handed stones, yet to make sense out of things, and discard those which do not make much sense. This is a strong message in todays society where tradition may cause destruction and hate amongst human beings. I could be wrong, but if I am correct, those who read should learn a powerful lesson and take a look at  their beliefs and make the right change.

Economic Situation in Bulgaria after EU Accession Essay Example for Free

Economic Situation in Bulgaria after EU Accession Essay Bulgaria has passed a long way between the fall of communism, transition to market economy, and up to EU accession that has become the culmination of Bulgarian economic transformation. Undoubtedly, Bulgarian economy has substantially benefited of becoming a full member of European Union. Despite the fact that Bulgaria does not have sufficient experience in managing various marketing processes, the whole process of transition from Central European priorities to European integration has been smooth and mostly positive. In this work, we will critically examine the impact of EU accession on Bulgarian product and labor markets, agriculture, and FDI. We expect that profound multifaceted analysis of Bulgarian economy will help determining the major economic benefits and problems of Bulgarias accession to EU. Historical background Before the end of the 1980s – the beginning of the 1990s, Bulgaria has been one of the largest communist states in Europe. After the general collapse of socialism and communism in Europe at the edge of 1990s, Bulgaria faced a choice between integration with other Eastern European countries or the developed Western Europe. In distinction from Romania and Hungary, Bulgaria was not characterized by high income per capita or its economic openness to foreign trade relations. However, Bulgaria was well known for its excellently trained workforce and well developed labor markets (Bevan, Estrin Grabbe 23). Bulgaria was characterized by high level of government involvement into economic affairs, and Bulgarian authorities had to develop new strategies for eliminating government intrusion into the newly formed free markets. In general, Bulgaria has experienced relatively smooth transition from dissolution of communism to the development of well-organized market oriented structures. At that time, most of the initiated processes, such as privatization, were postponed, and a series of new problems arose including the substantial damages to infrastructure and housing, a rapidly growing number of refugees, and a breakdown of trade and capital flows (Anusic Rohatinski 48). By the end of the 1990s, after the deep economic crisis of 1997, Bulgaria managed to resolve all economic issues, and to become prepared to further accession into European economic structures. Economic profile Since 2002, the European Commission has considered Bulgaria as one of the best performing market economies in Central Eastern Europe. Since 2006, useful steps were taken to contain the external deficit. The privatization process and the liberalization and restructuring notably of utilities have well advanced. Some additional progress has been made in improving the business environment and reducing non-wage labor costs (Baldwin Portes 127). Currently, Bulgarian GDP per capita equals to â‚ ¬7500 (32. 1% of the EU-25); economic growth: 6. 7% in 2007; inflation rate: 4. 9%; unemployment: 11%; government budget surplus: 2. 7%; exports to EU countries: 68% of total exports; imports from EU countries: 59% of total imports (Davidova, Gorton Ratinger 303). It is expected, that by the end of 2008, the total economic output of Bulgarian markets will further increase 0. 4% (Davidova, Gorton Ratinger 303). EU Accession and Product Markets After accession to EU at the beginning of 2007, Bulgaria has acquired additional opportunities and resources for further trade liberalization with European partners. Bulgaria has ultimately entered the Single Market; the administrative barriers to trade with the rest of Europe have been eliminated or reduced to levels that were acceptable among other EU members. Bulgaria had to re-consider the system of its external tariffs and to adopt it to the new European requirements; as a result, the tariffs have been liberalized compared to those exercised by Western European towards other third tier countries. The discussed tariff liberalization has seriously contributed into trade diversification and the growing portion of more expensive EU suppliers in the trade structure of Bulgarian economy. Bulgarian product markets have not only acquired free access to European trade potential; they have also been involved into European Structural Funds. This participation has reduced the risk of default for Bulgarian economy by almost 33%; consequentially, numerous political risks have also been reduced (Lejour 22). EU membership has greatly constrained arbitrary trade policy and indirect tax changes. It has locked in well-defined property rights, has codified competition policy, state-aids policies, and has secured open capital markets and right of establishment, assuring investors that they could put in and take our their money (Bevan, Estrin Grabbe 87). Here, we should pay more attention to the economic affects of Bulgarian accession to the EU internal markets and its trade effects. Lejour has developed a mathematical model for calculating the specific trade effects of EU accession onto various sectors of Eastern European economies. In terms of Bulgaria, Lejour has revealed the most promising trends within agriculture, food processions, textiles and apparel. Similar economic emphases have been made for Romania, Poland, and Hungary (Basci, Togan Hagen 54). Furthermore, Hungary and Poland have promising perspectives in Transport equipment and transport services with the rest of EU members. However, at the edge of Bulgarian accession to EU, the country has already experienced substantial liberalization of trade relations with Europe; 62% of Bulgarian exports were already distributed among other EU member countries (Basci, Togan Hagen 32). As a result of such preliminary trade liberalization, the net effect of accessing the EU market for Bulgaria has almost equaled zero. In distinction from Bulgaria, Hungarian GDP growth has been additionally increased by trade effects of EU membership. The abolition of trade barriers with old EU members has boosted Hungary trade. The countrys trade performance was impressive given the increased competition posed by its EU membership (Baldwin Portes 134). This is not the case with Bulgaria: the country has not experienced any trade boost, and there can be several reasons for that. First, we have already mentioned the effects of pre-accession trade liberalization with EU (exports from the European Union was increasing 6. 4% annually, to finally achieve 68% of total Bulgarian exports). Second, Bulgaria has spent only 18 months as a full EU member, and many positive long-term economic effects have not yet become visible. However, Bulgaria faced a challenge in the form of intensified import competition that has somewhat lowered inflation and has weakened European-directed domestic macroeconomic policies. It is expected that with further integration to Common Agricultural Policy and Single European markets Bulgaria will acquire additional opportunities for expanding its trade. In terms of agriculture, EU accession is anticipated to triple the total amount of trade, and to increase exports to other European and non-European countries by more than a third (Davidova, Gorton Ratinger 307). In general, EU accession has developed stable confidence among the major Bulgarian trade partners towards Bulgarian economic environment and economic relations with the country. As with the other EU members, EU accession has and will result in further GDP growth within Bulgaria, with the subsequent impact on general EUs GDP. EU Accession and FDI Foreign Direct Investment has played special role in Bulgarian economy. For Bulgaria, FDI growth was critical to further promote restructuring processes within all sectors of Bulgarian economy. FDI has been particularly important for privatization and developing the confidence of investors towards Bulgarian economic environment. In this context, Bulgarias accession to EU has become the turning point towards further liberalization of all economic areas. It has been important to finance the acquisition of plants and equipment and the transfer of technology (Fiala 189). Before Bulgaria entered EU, the country could not boast high FDI inflows. Compared to other European countries, Bulgaria was lagging behind its major Eastern European partners – Croatia and Hungary. In Croatia, FDI inflows accounted for â‚ ¬2,800 per capita, while Hungarian FDI inflows equaled to â‚ ¬3. 7 billion in 2004 immediately after including Hungary into the list of full EU members (Lejour, Mooij Nahuis 223). Although Bulgaria did not experience FDI growth equal to that in Hungary and Croatia, the level of FDI increase after EU accession has been substantial. In 2007 following EU accession, Bulgaria marked a record of FDI for the last decade. Since EU accession implies secure environment for investors, it is not surprising that an estimated â‚ ¬1,790 per capita entered the country in 2007 (Lejour 49). Surprisingly or not, but Bulgaria and Romania have been among the states the least likely to be included into EU before 2015. This is why in this research numbers are less important than the quality of the emerging investor relations within Bulgarian financial structures: EU accession has significantly increased transparence of the financial and investor relations between Bulgaria and member (non-member) states. Similar situation has also been reported in relation to Hungary and Romania (Fiala 192). EU Accession and Labor Markets â€Å"While FDI, GDP growth, exports and inflation have developed evident positive tendencies since EU accession, unemployment has had ambiguous development† (Feldman 218). Currently, Bulgaria has one of the highest unemployment rates among EU state-members. For example, Hungary has been experiencing the rising rates of unemployment that have later reached 7. 2% in 2006 (Anusic Rohatinski 90). At that time, Hungarys unemployment rates were average for Europe, but the highest in the region. After EU accession of Bulgaria, its unemployment rates have gone up to 11% (Kolev 30). As a result, thousands of workers have set up their minds to reach other more developed labor markets. Simultaneously, â€Å"following EU accession Bulgarian perennial low labor participation and long-term unemployment showed positive signs† (Kolev 31). It is expected that by the end of 2008, Bulgaria will be able to decrease long-term unemployment to 9% (Kolev 34). EU accession has resulted in the emergence of new open labor markets which Bulgarian workers could easily reach. Migration is characteristic of all newly accepted EU members, and with unfavorable employment prospects for Bulgaria, other European states had to adopt a set of restrictive measures, to decrease the growing inflow of Bulgarian (and Romanian) workers into more developed EU states. â€Å"Member States do, however, have discretion to restrict migration of workers for up to seven years. The UK government chose to impose restrictions for an initial two-year period, to be reviewed on an annual basis. Low-skilled Bulgarian and Romanian nationals may only apply to work as seasonal agricultural workers or on sector-based schemes. † (Feldman 221) Bulgaria’s accession to EU has causes the two significant impacts on Bulgarian labor markets. On the one hand, immigrants have already created a â€Å"small net gain in terms of per capita income to Bulgaria† (Feldman 218). On the other hand, EU accession and the comparatively slower rates of Bulgarian economic development have already distracted large labor flows from Bulgarian towards other international labor markets. Although the net impact of Bulgarian migration has not been fully analyzed, the examples of other EU countries suggest that migration can undermine the stability of Bulgarian economy after EU accession: for Hungary, migration of local workers has resulted in 2% productivity decrease; in Poland and Czech Republic, productivity has fallen 3% (Basci, Togan Hagen 138). Researchers estimate that in the nearest 3 years current migration patterns will decrease Bulgarian economic productivity 3-5% (Feldman 222). Certainly, Bulgarian workers are willing to work for lower wages compared to those European countries pay to their citizens. As a result, accession of Bulgaria to EU creates serious pressures on other domestic labor markets. Here, Bulgaria should address its economic and labor misbalances, to promote equal labor opportunities for its workers, and to prevent the negative impacts of Bulgarian migration on other European economies. EU Accession and Agriculture Bulgarian agriculture has perceived the biggest and the brightest impact of Bulgaria’s accession to EU. EU accession has â€Å"significantly impacted the agricultural and food sectors because of its integration into the Single Market and its adoption of the Common Agricultural Policy† (Davidova, Gorton Ratinger 304). Since the beginning of 2007, Bulgarian agricultural sectors have faced a challenge due to the absence of appropriate state support of livestock business. The first payments from the common European budget funds have reached farmers by the end of 2007; before that, Bulgarian farmers had to deal with the growing financial uncertainty and restrictions put on payments from national budget funds (Davidova, Gorton Ratinger 305). However, Bulgarian economy and EU have been able to resolve all agricultural market issues. Between 2008 and 2010, Bulgaria will receive total â‚ ¬4. 3 billion to support its internal agricultural policies, to create cohesion funds, and to further promote effective agricultural policies within and outside Bulgarian economy (Davidova, Gorton Ratinger 309). Conclusion During the first 18 months of Bulgarias membership in EU, the countrys economy has not been able to fully perceive long-term benefits and failures of its accession to the Single European market. However, EU accession has already created multifaceted impacts on all economic sectors, among which labor and agricultural markets have been influenced the most. It is expected that in the two-three years Bulgaria will be able to stabilize its economic relations with Western Europe, and to benefit of opportunities which EU market opens to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Works Cited Anusic, Z. Z. Rohatinski, Z. A Road to Low Inflation: 2003-2006. Zagreb: Government of Republic of Croatia, 2007. Baldwin, R. E. Portes, R. â€Å"The Costs and Benefits of Eastern Enlargement: The Impact on the EU and Central Europe†. Economic Policy, vol. 24 (2007): 125-70. Basci, E. , Togan, S. Hagen, J. Macroeconomics Policies for EU Accession. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007.

Promoting a Healthy Environment for Children

Promoting a Healthy Environment for Children Contents (Jump to) Introduction Task 1: The Principles Underpinning the Rights of Children to a Healthy Lifestyle and Environment 1.1 Legislation that Supports Children Rights to a Healthy Lifestyles 1.2 The Concept of Global Rights in Relation to Children’s Health and Well-being Task 2: The Factors that Affect the Health of Children 2.1 Influence of the Wider Environment on the Lifestyle of the Children 2.2 The Range of Factors That May Affect the Health of Children at Different Times in Their Lives 2.3 Assessment of the effects of these factors in ways that show an understanding of the implications of each factor Task 3: How to Plan and Implement Routines and Activities for Children 3.1 How to Plan and Implement routines for Children which Will Support Their Rights to a Healthy Lifestyle 3.2 How to Plan and implement activities for children that can contribute to promoting and maintaining a healthy lifestyle Conclusion Reference Introduction Creating and promoting a healthy environment for the children is undoubtedly a very important concern as only if they grow as a healthy adult, they are capable of contribute to the society at the fullest. Being healthy means being physically, mentally, spiritually and emotionally fit. The diet of the children have to contain necessary nutrition and calorie, the children can be made aware of the importance of a healthy by reading books, poems or watching cartoons, films they can relate with. The schools can have posters and games to encourage them in maintaining the hygiene. Playing games and doing physical exercise is also very important, it improves their physical health as well as their social skills. As the children are at the development stage, they, should not be pushed to anything, they must be allowed to rest and start when they are ready again. The parents can go to walk and play with the children, it improves the bonding and the helps the children emotionally and spiritually to grow as a healthy and confident human being. Child healthcare also involves the pre and post birth mother care. Task 1: The Principles Underpinning the Rights of Children to a Healthy Lifestyle and Environment 1.1 Legislation that Supports Children Rights to a Healthy Lifestyles There is good amount of legislation on this regard. Legislation is very important as it gives a structure for the services that needs to take place. Some examples of legislation that are related to child healthcare are given below. National Health Service Act 1946 (Scotland 1947) Today the healthcare in Scotland is almost free. It wasn’t always free. Before the launch of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948 most of the people had to pay for the medical care and people were reluctant to reach for proper care as it was expensive quite unaffordable for the low income families. After the World War II (1939-45) along with some other reforms the government decided to form National Health Service to provide medication according to the need, not the ability to pay for it. The organization that started with a noble cause was however hard to maintain and fund. Many changes have been made to the act; the most recent amendment was in 2006 which stated that the medication is still to be free for everyone with the exceptions of prescriptions, glasses and dentures since 1951 and many more charges has been introduced from time to time. National Health Service: Basic Structure The detailed and elaborated structure of the organization may change, but the basic structure remains approximately the same. Primary Care The primary care services comprises with medical professionals who perform day to day checkup and advice about proper diet and healthcare. The receivers of the service here are mostly the children and their families. The work of the primary care consist of- Walk-in centers Health visitors Community health centers Family doctors Dentists Opticians Pharmacists Nurses Midwives etc. Secondary Care Secondary care is mainly specialized care. It often comes as referrals from primary care. It involves emergency and more specialized treatments. For example a family doctor may refer the child to an eye specialist sensing a problem in the eyesight. Health and Safety at Work 1974 (England) The act was formed to ensure the safety of the factory workers of England and Wales. It also benefits the child health as it provides proper guidelines about safe handling of harmful objects. For example it states fire safety rules and guidelines about the use of harmful chemicals. Care Standard Act 2000 This act introduced to provide a structure of regulations for all the organizations that work for child healthcare. This act is valid in all over England with variations but the main focus of this act is to ensure that the children receive quality care and physical safety. It is a standard or framework for inspecting healthcare legislation. Education Act 2002 Under this act the local authorities, organizations, schools and educational organizations were to ‘Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children’. There were programs for promoting children safety practices and health care. Every Child Matters and the Children Act 2004 (England) Every child matters program is a program to promote children welfare and protect the health of the children and the child act is an act established to strengthen the program. This act gives the authority and legislation to run the program properly. This program is very helpful in this aspect as it promotes child safety and health care issues for children of all economic backgrounds and it combines the children safety and the educational professionals. 1.2 The Concept of Global Rights in Relation to Children’s Health and Well-being The United Nations Convention on the right of the Child Health is now considered to be one of the primary rights of the children all over the world. The United Nations Convention on the right of the Child (UNCRC) publishes a list of facilities and benefits that a child should rightfully be entitled to. Many of these rights are directly concerned with child health and safety issues and many of them are circumstantially related with the proper upbringing of a child as a healthy human being. When a government signs the convention it undertakes some responsibilities to ensure the children of the country with proper medication, safety and healthy environment to live in. World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization is an agency of the United Nations that is engaged in healthcare worldwide. It was established in 1948. It aims promote health globally and it also produce reports about world health issues. It actively involves with health concerned programs worldwide. Food Standards Agency (FSA) This agency is a government agency that works independently. They are responsible for the public health and consumer rights protection concerning food items. It does these works in many ways but mainly they provide and spread guideline and information about the health and food safety issues. They- Provide advices about healthy eating Manage a website with detailed food safety knowledge Launch public awareness campaigns etc. For example nowadays they are encouraging the people to be aware about the amount and quality of salt in their foods. Task 2: The Factors that Affect the Health of Children 2.1 Influence of the Wider Environment on the Lifestyle of the Children The environment has a great effect on the children’s well-being. For example a place full of noise can harm the children’s hearing ability or a dusty environment can enhance the risk of asthma or skin diseases. Environment most of the time indirectly or directly influence good health of a child. Sociological Factors The social or economic condition a child is born into holds a great importance to the children heath issues, as the children of the low earning families tend to be deprived of nutritious and healthy food as well as a clean hygienic environment. Poverty Poverty is the main sociological factor that causes poor health condition and deprivation of education of the children. A country measures poverty in two ways- Absolute poverty: Absolute poverty is the inability of the inhabitants of a country to pay for its basic needs like food, shelter, clothes, medication and education. These types of poverty are mostly seen in some underdeveloped and developing countries. Relative poverty: Relative standard of a country is measured by comparing with the standard of living of that country. People living under the standard are considered to be poor. Relative poverty is used as the base of statistical reports for most of the organizations. How Poverty Affect Families Poverty can affect the families in many ways but mainly it takes away the choices from people. When there is poverty people don’t get to decide where to live, what to eat what to feed the children because their choices are limited to what they are able to afford instead of what they would like to have for themselves. Families living under poverty are unable to take good care of their children even if they are willing enough. Effects of Living in Poverty Health Poor diet is the main reason behind health problems Lack of housing facilities may become diseases like infections, diarrhea or bronchitis. Despair and depression of the children increases the propensity of addiction to drugs Cheap and low quality products or equipment lack safety concern and can lead to accidents. Education Unavailability of study equipment or space for the children Children may lack self-confidence and feel awkward with other children Parents may not understand the reason behind their child and may not have the emotional strength to support their children. Teachers may think low of children from poor background It may be unaffordable by the parents to let their child learn extracurricular activities like singing or swimming lessons. Depression and Despair Worrying all the time for money may cause tension, depression and despair in the families Parents often feel helpless and depressed when they see their child in deprivation and cannot do anything about it Depression burns down hope when they cannot figure out any way to overcome the poverty Self-esteem, confidence and morale go down as money is the main thing that define a person’s social standard Parents often feel embarrassed to ask for help like permission to pay less for school trips. Children and Poverty A child mainly becomes the main victim of poverty. They are more prone to accident, they lack life expectancy, and their achievements are often lower. Children living under poverty miss many opportunities compared to others. Their potential talents, genius are most of the time nipped in the bud. Their parents are unable to pay for the piano lessons, sports training or even the uniform of the school so they may be able to feel equal to others. It is proved that children who deal with poverty all the time have really expectation of where they want to go or what they want to achieve in life. They often lack a good role model because they see older kids committing crimes and taking drugs and take that as a culture. Psychological Factors Children’s psychological or mental health was not considered as an important aspect of child heath in the past. However, now it is taken as a critical part of the development of a child. Children who live under poverty are susceptible to psychological problems than others. There are many factors that may have effect on the mental health of a child. Some of these factors can be short term and some can affect the children for a longer time. Signs that Show the Children Might be under Stress These signs are different for children according to the difference of individual child and their age. How the adult support them can make a great deal of difference in the upbringing of the children. There are the causes of stress among the children- Poverty Uncooperative parents Separated parents Bullying Abuse Excess pressure from parents and teachers Family problems School change Death of a close family member or a friend 2.2 The Range of Factors That May Affect the Health of Children at Different Times in Their Lives Diet and Exercise Right amount of exercise and proper diet plays a vital role in a child’s development. Breast Milk: At the earliest of a child’s life proper diet is very important. Breast milk is helpful in cognitive development and preventing cardiovascular diseases. Breast milk provides the children with antibodies that lessen risk of catching diseases at the beginning months. Awareness about the importance of breast milk should be raised by campaigning and promoting programs. As it is seen that mothers with economical disadvantages and low income are less aware of this fact, the campaigns should be mainly targeted to them. Fruits and vegetables: A child’s diet must contain a certain amount of fruits and vegetables, it is very important for the growth of the child as well as the well-being of all the body parts. Exercise: To remain healthy and to develop, exercise is a must. Exercise is mainly about playing so it should be done as a fun work rather than a disciplined organized hard work. Children from all age groups need physical exercise. The British Heart Foundation declared that young people and children need one hour of physical activity a day at the lowest. This may include dancing, walking, swimming cycling etc. Children might want to rest for a few minutes and start playing again after rest. When children start playing outdoors they learn to naturally pace themselves which is why it is really important for the children to have outdoor play opportunity. Physical exercise is now declined everywhere due to some reasons. These reasons are given below. Fear of child abuse Fear of Traffic Lack of facilities Health and Safety Domination of Computer, Media and Television Illness and Disability Illness and disability both can affect the development and health of a child, although the degree of the effect depends on the duration and nature of the disease. It is very important that the adults try to make supportive environment in spite of their illness. Some effects of illness and disability are- Child’s inability to take hard exercise. It may be consulted with the physician about what type of exercise that child can undertake. Growth and development might also be hampered by some kind of disability or illness Diet and feeding can also be restricted by some types of illness like premature diabetics. 2.3 Assessment of the effects of these factors in ways that show an understanding of the implications of each factor Diet To fulfill their energy need, the children must eat a balanced diet complete with the necessary nutrition. There are many short term and long term effects of poor diet. These include- Cardiovascular diseases Cancer Diabetics Tooth decay Poor self-image and low self esteem Weight problems Musculoskeletal diseases etc. Exercise There are some benefits of exercises given here- Simulation to the activity of brain Strengthening the muscles Hormone release Lung capacity development Improvement of digestion Development and maintenance of bone density Illness and disabilities Disabilities and illness can bring a huge effect on the health and development of a child. Short or long whatever the duration of the illness might be, it restricts the development of the children accordingly. Task 3: How to Plan and Implement Routines and Activities for Children 3.1 How to Plan and Implement routines for Children which Will Support Their Rights to a Healthy Lifestyle Planning and implementing a routine for the children can help a great deal in the development of the children. The children need proper plan and implementation of a routine containing the activities that are critical elements to leading a healthy lifestyle. These routine should include- Healthy diet Physical activities Entertainment Proper sleep Study time There are some things that should be kept in mind while preparing the routine. Children can go to the toilet or washroom whenever they want but an adult must keep notice whether the child need any kind of help or support. Children should be able to choose what he or she wants to play and the equipment must be check previously to ensure safety. Children should have the opportunity to take rest if they are tired. There should be little snack break every few hours where they can take healthy fruits or juice. There should be some time for studying every day, so they can complete their daily homework and they grow the habit of studying a little every day. The need for sleep is different for children of every age. They should have enough sleep for having a sound mind. 3.2 How to Plan and implement activities for children that can contribute to promoting and maintaining a healthy lifestyle There are some critical things that the children need for maintaining a happy and healthy life. They should be taught about this so that they learn to take care of themselves. Healthy Diet It is important for the routine to have the child eating a variety of food to keep them healthy and provide them with all necessary nutrition. From the very beginning the food of the children must contain a good number of fruit and vegetables. Junk foods and foods containing sugar should be avoided as much as possible. Children should be taught to serve for themselves so they can learn how much they can and should eat. They can learn these by- Learning at home from parents or nannies They can learn preparing and serving food and drink as an extracurricular activity in nurseries, preschools and day care They can learn about these from school, after-school and holiday clubs. Exercise As we know children need exercise to develop properly at all ages. Children should have ample scope and opportunities for playing and walking or just moving around. Babies, toddlers, school going kids everyone should have routine time and opportunity to exercise for at least an hour every day. They can practice exercise in many ways. At homes, parks or streets with adult supervision and help. At nurseries, day care centers or preschools with other kids. There are many after school or holiday club or many sports activities they can take part into. Conclusion The children are the future on the making. A healthy child is a step towards a healthy future. To protect the future of the world the children must be raised as a healthy human being and to protect their right to a healthy life the proper implication of the legislation is unavoidable. The wider environment must also be made safe for a child as it has a great impact on their growth and wellbeing. The routine of a child must contain all the elements that a child need. Healthy child means healthy future; we must protect and promote children health with honest care. Reference 1 | Page